WHITE PAPER ON SMART GROWTH POLICY IN CALIFORNIA
PREPARED FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, GOVERNOR’S OFFICE OF PLANNING AND RESEARCH – 10 FEBRUARY 2003
BY ROBERT ALMINANA, PAUL CRAWFORD, ANDRES DUANY, LAURA HALL, STEVE LAWTON & DAVID SARGENT*
THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE FREELY COPIED, DISTRIBUTED, AND QUOTED WITH ATTRIBUTION.
 |
Evil suburban sprawl like this must make way for high density housing according to the Smart Growth Zealots so we can save the planet. Isn't it ironic? |
INTRODUCTION
California needs several key changes in current State planning policy and enabling legislation. Our
need for a diverse supply of new housing is greater than ever – at the same time that local citizens
increasingly oppose building it. The survival and growth of California’s economy is dependent on
finding a solution to this problem; a solution that can be sustained economically, politically, socially
and environmentally over the coming decades, as California’s workforce responds to the present and
future challenges of the world economy.
The word "growth" once had positive connotations for Californians, and was equated with better jobs,
better housing, better shops, better education and a better quality of life. But the mere mention of the
word today brings a firestorm of opposition, fuming about traffic congestion, higher taxes, crowded
schools, and the paving-over of the landscape. How did it come to pass that a State so proud of its
first century of growth, one whose people built so many beautiful villages, towns and cities throughout
its vast territory, should have so radically changed its outlook? The reason is that the urban pattern
shifted.
Growth in California over the past 50 years has been almost entirely of the type known as suburban
sprawl. Prior to that time, new development took the form of traditional, walkable American
neighborhoods, each containing a range of housing types, small shops, restaurants and offices, a
school and a park. Suburban sprawl, on the other hand, divides these basic components of a city – the
residences, the shops and offices, schools and parks – into separate geographic areas by zoning, and
then connects the areas to one another with roadways. The result is that residents have to drive to
virtually every destination, leading to intractable traffic congestion and the associated human cost in
lost time, the balkanization of our population by income level, and the disenfranchisement of those
who cannot drive.
Over the past 20 years, the planning profession has begun to reform itself, based on the lessons learned
from the last 50 years of building sprawl, and on the observed empirical success and value of older
neighborhoods. The idea of combining the flexibility and charm of our historic neighborhoods with
the functional benefits of modern houses and commercial development is a powerful, and now proven,
strategy for planning growth. The resulting new neighborhoods are the basic building blocks for
community development, and may be assembled into villages, towns, cities and well-planned regions.
This new way of planning is called Smart Growth.
Smart Growth is compact and uses land efficiently, conserving agricultural and wild lands. Smart
Growth allows residences of all types – single-family houses, town houses, condos, apartments – to be
intermixed in a single neighborhood in ways that increase, not decrease, their value. Smart Growth
allows small neighborhood-serving shops and restaurants to be located within the neighborhood or at
its edge, so that customers have a choice of whether to walk, bike or drive to them. Smart Growth
incorporates schools and parks into the neighborhood fabric so that children can walk to them, giving
the children a great sense of power and self-sufficiency while freeing the parents from permanent
chauffeur duty. Smart growth locates large-scale employment investment in mature urban areas, and
smaller scale employment opportunities for entrepreneurs in all areas. Smart Growth encourages
flexible and timeless mixed-use building types that can be adapted to new uses many times during
their life-cycle, supporting changing business needs in a dynamic economy without demolishing and
land-filling 10-year-old buildings each business cycle.
It is now widely recognized that Smart Growth is a better and environmentally superior way to build
communities. The most obvious questions are, why isn’t everyone already building Smart Growth
everywhere, and what can the State do to promote Smart Growth? This paper is intended to begin to
answer those questions.
WHITE PAPER ON SMART GROWTH POLICY IN CALIFORNIA PAGE 2 OF 7
BACKGROUND - CALIFORNIA’S BUILT HERITAGE
In the early days of land development in California – from 1890 to 1930 for instance – new towns and
new neighborhoods were generally welcomed for the housing and the economic opportunity they
brought, and their developers were celebrated as town founders. These early towns were first of all
places for people – places to live, places to work, places to shop and places to gather together as a
community – all knitted together into compact, walkable neighborhoods and downtown districts. The
public spaces of the town – the parks, greens, squares and plazas – were the living rooms of the
community, where residents of all ages and incomes came together in the course of their daily lives.
These places were designed to allow children to walk to the schools and parks, to allow young families
and older couples – and poorer families and wealthier families – to all live in the same neighborhood
together, to allow many daily errands to nearby stores and restaurants to be done on foot, and to allow
people to move from neighborhood to neighborhood by way of efficient public transit systems that
included streetcars, trains and buses.
Almost all of the downtowns and in-town neighborhoods in California’s best-loved cities were built in
this period, including large areas of San Francisco, San Diego, Beverly Hills, Rancho Palos Verdes,
Westwood, Pasadena, Modesto, Chico, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Carmel, Sonoma, and Sacramento.
These places were built by land developers, intent on making a profit while creating great places for
people to live. In both endeavors they were very successful – so successful in fact that these places
remain to this day the most valuable real estate in California.
RECENT PLANNING PRACTICE - SUBURBAN SPRAWL
While it is intuitively and empirically obvious that the old-style neighborhoods are desirable and